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  • Title: Clinical use of oestrogens and progestogens.
    Author: Lauritzen C.
    Journal: Maturitas; 1990 Sep; 12(3):199-214. PubMed ID: 2215269.
    Abstract:
    Oestrogens cure climacteric complaints and prevent the late sequelae of oestrogen deficiency. Prevention of myocardial infarction and of osteoporosis is now the main argument for long-term substitution of oestrogens and progestogens in the post-menopause and leads to a reduction of overall morbidity and mortality in users. Indications, contraindications, some side effects, risk-benefit and cost-benefit considerations are discussed and practical advice for oestrogen medication with regard to doses, preparations and the addition of progestogens is given. The clinical use of estrogens and progestogens for menopausal women is reviewed, discussing the indications, results of studies on effectiveness of various agents o each target organ, contraindications, risk-benefit ratio, and types of drug preparations available and used in European countries. The indications for menopausal hormone replacement are primarily to prevent myocardial infarction and osteoporosis, and also to treat early menopause, urogenital atrophy, and severe skin, mucous membrane and psychic disorders. Mechanisms of action of estrogens and progestins, and anticipated results are detailed for each of the indications. Contraindications typical of oral contraceptives usually do not apply for hormone replacement. For example, only severe acute liver disease, current thromboembolism, endometrial cancer other than I, and breast cancer within 3-5 years of primary treatment are contraindications. Neither cervical, ovarian or vulvar cancer, diabetes, varicose veins, hypertension, nor history of liver disease or thromboembolism are contraindications: in some cases progestins or transdermal estrogens are recommended. Estrogen side effects suggest overdosage. Progesterone or its derivatives rather than oral contraceptive progestins are prescribed. There is a clear benefit, comparing cost of medication to that of treating consequences of estrogen deficiency. The preparations currently used in Europe include oral micronized estradiol, conjugated estrogens, transdermal patches, local vaginal estrogens, and injectable estradiol esters for those who cannot tolerate oral or transdermal agents. Preparations should contain progesterone unless the woman has had a hysterectomy. Combinations designed to avoid withdrawal bleeding are available.
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