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  • Title: Disseminated toxoplasmosis in black-footed penguins (Spheniscus demersus).
    Author: Ploeg M, Ultee T, Kik M.
    Journal: Avian Dis; 2011 Dec; 55(4):701-3. PubMed ID: 22312996.
    Abstract:
    Three 1- to 3-mo-old black-footed penguins (Spheniscus Demersus) died within 24 hr of showing central nervous signs such as ataxia. The birds were housed in a baby penguin crèche. At necropsy, peritonitis, pneumonia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and renomegaly were evident. Histologically, the liver, lung, brain, and small intestine contained numerous tachyzoites and a few cysts of Toxoplasma. Immunohistochemistry identified the protozoal parasites as Toxoplasma gondii. Ultrastructurally, this was confirmed by the presence of many tachyzoites of T. gondii in the liver and lungs.
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