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  • Title: Redox-shuttling between chloroplast and cytosol: integration of intra-chloroplast and extra-chloroplast metabolism.
    Author: Taniguchi M, Miyake H.
    Journal: Curr Opin Plant Biol; 2012 Jun; 15(3):252-60. PubMed ID: 22336038.
    Abstract:
    Reducing equivalents produced in the chloroplast are essential for many key cellular metabolic enzyme reactions. Two redox shuttle systems transfer reductant out of the chloroplast; these systems consist of metabolite transporters, coupled with stromal and cytosolic dehydrogenase isozymes. The transporters function in the redox shuttle and also operate as key enzymes in carbon/nitrogen metabolism. To maintain adequate levels of reductant and proper metabolic balance, the shuttle systems are finely controlled. Also, in the leaves of C(4) plants, cell-specific division of carbon and nitrogen assimilation includes cell-specific localization of the redox shuttle systems. The redox shuttle systems are tightly linked to cellular metabolic pathways and are essential for maintaining metabolic balance between energy and reducing equivalents.
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