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  • Title: Characterization of melamine-associated urinary stones in children with consumption of melamine-contaminated infant formula.
    Author: Chang H, Shi X, Shen W, Wang W, Yue Z.
    Journal: Clin Chim Acta; 2012 Jun 14; 413(11-12):985-91. PubMed ID: 22402311.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: Crystalline morphology and compositions of melamine-associated urinary stones caused by consumption of melamine-contaminated infant formula are reported. METHODS: Twelve melamine-associated urinary stone samples were obtained from 12 children aged from 3 to 36 months who were treated in Lanzhou University Second Hospital. The crystalline morphology and compositions of these stone samples were analyzed using a combination of infrared spectrum, SEM and XRD. The presence of melamine in 12 stones was determined by HPLC. RESULTS: Diversity of crystalline morphology in 10 stone samples was revealed by SEM observation. Infrared spectral data revealed that 8 of the 10 stone samples predominantly consisted of the crystal forms of urate: 1 of sodium urate monohydrate, 2 of uricite and 5 of uric acid dihydrate and ammonium urate. However, ammonium magnesium phosphate hexahydrate, ammonium urate and carbonate apatite were also identified in 1 stone sample. The content of melamine in all of the 12 stone samples was determined by HPLC and found to range from 200 to 339,000 μg/g. XRD analysis in 6 stone samples showed that amorphous mineral phase was involved in the calculogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Melamine and uric acid are the main possible etiologic factors closely related to melamine-associated urinary stone formation in humans.
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