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  • Title: Graves' ophthalmopathy--a clinical review.
    Author: Carter JN.
    Journal: Aust N Z J Ophthalmol; 1990 Aug; 18(3):239-42. PubMed ID: 2261168.
    Abstract:
    Graves' ophthalmopathy occurs in 2% to 7% of patients with Graves' disease with the major manifestations being proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, optic neuropathy and/or eyelid retraction. Although autoimmune in nature, the precise pathophysiology is unknown. The course of the ophthalmopathy is not influenced by the mode of treatment of the hyperthyroidism. In addition to restoration of the euthyroid state, the aims of treatment include relief of eye pain, correction of extraocular muscle dysfunction, protection of visual acuity and improvement of appearance. Specific therapy depends on the severity of the ophthalmopathy and varies from lubricating eye drops in mild disease to high-dose steroids and radiotherapy or decompressive surgery in severe cases.
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