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  • Title: The anodized crystalline WO3 nanoporous network with enhanced electrochromic properties.
    Author: Ou JZ, Balendhran S, Field MR, McCulloch DG, Zoolfakar AS, Rani RA, Zhuiykov S, O'Mullane AP, Kalantar-Zadeh K.
    Journal: Nanoscale; 2012 Sep 28; 4(19):5980-8. PubMed ID: 22906993.
    Abstract:
    We demonstrate that a three dimensional (3D) crystalline tungsten trioxide (WO(3)) nanoporous network, directly grown on a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) substrate, is a suitable working electrode material for high performance electrochromic devices. This nanostructure, with achievable thicknesses of up to 2 μm, is prepared at room temperature by the electrochemical anodization of a RF-sputtered tungsten film deposited on a fluoride doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive glass, under low applied anodic voltages and mild chemical dissolution conditions. For the crystalline nanoporous network with thicknesses ranging from 0.6 to 1 μm, impressive coloration efficiencies of up to 141.5 cm(2) C(-1) are achieved by applying a low coloration voltage of -0.25 V. It is also observed that there is no significant degradation of the electrochromic properties of the porous film after 2000 continuous coloration-bleaching cycles. The remarkable electrochromic characteristics of this crystalline and nanoporous WO(3) are mainly ascribed to the combination of a large surface area, facilitating increased intercalation of protons, as well as excellent continuous and directional paths for charge transfer and proton migration in the highly crystalline material.
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