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  • Title: The relationship between situational stress and phantom limb pain: cross-lagged correlational data from six month pain logs.
    Author: Arena JG, Sherman RA, Bruno GM, Smith JD.
    Journal: J Psychosom Res; 1990; 34(1):71-7. PubMed ID: 2313614.
    Abstract:
    This study reports the results of the first investigation into the relationship between situational stress and phantom limb pain. Twenty-seven male amputees recorded their pain and overall stress levels daily for 180 days using a 1-10 rating scale. Three possible relationships into the etiology and/or maintenance of phantom limb pain were examined using cross-lagged correlational techniques: an isomorphic relationship (same time increases in pain lead to same time increases in stress and vice versa), a consequence relationship (increases in pain precede increases in stress), and a precursor relationship (increases in stress precede increases in pain). Thirty-seven per cent of subjects demonstrated some significant precursor relationship. Although support was found for all three hypotheses, the most frequently observed relationship was the isomorphic one. Seventy-four per cent of subjects demonstrated some significant stress-pain relationship. The results lend support to the psychological theory underlying the use of psychophysiological interventions such as biofeedback and relaxation therapy in amputees with phantom limb pain.
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