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  • Title: Measuring local gradients of intramitochondrial [Ca(2+)] in cardiac myocytes during sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release.
    Author: Lu X, Ginsburg KS, Kettlewell S, Bossuyt J, Smith GL, Bers DM.
    Journal: Circ Res; 2013 Feb 01; 112(3):424-31. PubMed ID: 23243207.
    Abstract:
    RATIONALE: Mitochondrial [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](mito)) regulates mitochondrial energy production, provides transient Ca(2+) buffering under stress, and can be involved in cell death. Mitochondria are near the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in cardiac myocytes, and evidence for crosstalk exists. However, quantitative measurements of [Ca(2+)](mito) are limited, and spatial [Ca(2+)](mito) gradients have not been directly measured. OBJECTIVE: To directly measure local [Ca(2+)](mito) during normal SR Ca release in intact myocytes, and evaluate potential subsarcomeric spatial [Ca(2+)](mito) gradients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using the mitochondrially targeted inverse pericam indicator Mitycam, calibrated in situ, we directly measured [Ca(2+)](mito) during SR Ca(2+) release in intact rabbit ventricular myocytes by confocal microscopy. During steady state pacing, Δ[Ca(2+)](mito) amplitude was 29±3 nmol/L, rising rapidly (similar to cytosolic free [Ca(2+)]) but declining much more slowly. Taking advantage of the structural periodicity of cardiac sarcomeres, we found that [Ca(2+)](mito) near SR Ca(2+) release sites (Z-line) versus mid-sarcomere (M-line) reached a high peak amplitude (37±4 versus 26±4 nmol/L, respectively P<0.05) which occurred earlier in time. This difference was attributed to ends of mitochondria being physically closer to SR Ca(2+) release sites, because the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter was homogeneously distributed, and elevated [Ca(2+)] applied laterally did not produce longitudinal [Ca(2+)](mito) gradients. CONCLUSIONS: We developed methods to measure spatiotemporal [Ca(2+)](mito) gradients quantitatively during excitation-contraction coupling. The amplitude and kinetics of [Ca(2+)](mito) transients differ significantly from those in the cytosol and are respectively higher and faster near the Z-line versus M-line. This approach will help clarify SR-mitochondrial Ca(2+) signaling.
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