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  • Title: Effects of sewage sludge on the immune defenses of mallards.
    Author: Goldberg DR, Yuill TM.
    Journal: Environ Res; 1990 Apr; 51(2):209-17. PubMed ID: 2335161.
    Abstract:
    Sewage sludge contains numerous chemicals that, if ingested, could affect the immunological status of wild birds and, in particular, their resistance to infectious disease. Mallard ducks were fed a diet containing 0, 5, or 20% dried sewage sludge from either Milwaukee or Madison, Wisconsin, for 28 and 57 days, respectively. When subsequently challenged with Pasteurella multocida, the mortality in the sludge-treated groups was no greater than that in the untreated control groups. There was, however, significantly more cadmium (two- to three-fold higher concentration) retained in the livers of birds receiving 20% of either sludge in their feed, as compared to controls.
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