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  • Title: Energy level alignment and sub-bandgap charge generation in polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells.
    Author: Tsang SW, Chen S, So F.
    Journal: Adv Mater; 2013 May 07; 25(17):2434-9. PubMed ID: 23418056.
    Abstract:
    Using charge modulated electroabsorption spectroscopy (CMEAS), for the first time, the energy level alignment of a polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell is directly measured. The charge-transfer excitons generated by the sub-bandgap optical pumping are coupled with the modulating electric field and introduce subtle changes in optical absorption in the sub-bandgap region. This minimum required energy for sub-bandgap charge genreation is defined as the effective bandgap.
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