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  • Title: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation elicits rate-dependent brain network responses in non-human primates.
    Author: Salinas FS, Narayana S, Zhang W, Fox PT, Szabó CÁ.
    Journal: Brain Stimul; 2013 Sep; 6(5):777-87. PubMed ID: 23540281.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has the potential to treat brain disorders by tonically modulating firing patterns in disease-specific neural circuits. The selection of treatment parameters for clinical repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) trials has not been rule based, likely contributing to the variability of observed outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To utilize our newly developed baboon (Papio hamadryas anubis) model of rTMS during position-emission tomography (PET) to quantify the brain's rate-response functions in the motor system during rTMS. METHODS: We delivered image-guided, suprathreshold rTMS at 3 Hz, 5 Hz, 10 Hz, 15 Hz and rest (in separate randomized sessions) to the primary motor cortex (M1) of the lightly anesthetized baboon during PET imaging; we also administered a (reversible) paralytic to eliminate any somatosensory feedback due to rTMS-induced muscle contractions. Each rTMS/PET session was analyzed using normalized cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements; statistical parametric images and the resulting areas of significance underwent post-hoc analysis to determine any rate-specific rTMS effects throughout the motor network. RESULTS: The motor system's rate-response curves were unimodal and system wide--with all nodes in the network showing highly similar rate response functions--and an optimal network stimulation frequency of 5 Hz. CONCLUSION(S): These findings suggest that non-invasive brain stimulation may be more efficiently delivered at (system-specific) optimal frequencies throughout the targeted network and that functional imaging in non-human primates is a promising strategy for identifying the optimal treatment parameters for TMS clinical trials in specific brain regions and/or networks.
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