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  • Title: [Midazolam and ketamine for rectal premedication and induction of anesthesia in children].
    Author: Holm-Knudsen R, Sjøgren P, Laub M.
    Journal: Anaesthesist; 1990 May; 39(5):255-7. PubMed ID: 2356956.
    Abstract:
    Fifteen healthy children 2-10 years old and scheduled for elective surgery, received midazolam 0.35 mg/kg body weight and atropine 0.025 mg/kg as rectal premedication about 35 min before the induction of anesthesia. The induction itself was carried out in a separate and quiet room next to the operating theatre by rectal administration of ketamine 10 mg/kg and midazolam 0.2 mg/kg. With the children breathing spontaneously, anesthesia was maintained by repetitive i.v. bolus injections of ketamine. The sedative and anticholinergic effects of the premedication were satisfactory. Induction of anesthesia was smooth. Consciousness was lost after 9-15 (mean 13) min. No significant adverse effects on hemodynamics or respiration were noted. Recovery from anesthesia was uneventful. No cases of rectal irritation or unpleasant dreams were reported. Post-operative analgesia was good. In conclusion, rectal administration of midazolam and atropine for premedication, followed by ketamine and midazolam for the induction of anesthesia, proved to be a pleasant, safe, and reliable method in pediatric anesthesia.
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