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  • Title: Traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula presenting as massive epistaxis.
    Author: Wyrick D, Smith SD, Dassinger MS.
    Journal: J Pediatr Surg; 2013 Apr; 48(4):883-6. PubMed ID: 23583152.
    Abstract:
    Carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae (CCF) are a rare complication with the potential for great morbidity including intracranial hemorrhage, blindness, cranial nerve palsy and stroke. Traumatic CCF are the most common type of CCF. Here we discuss a patient who sustained blunt head trauma and had substantial epistaxis, requiring massive transfusion, intraoperatively due to unrecognized CCF.
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