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  • Title: Adverse pregnancy outcomes and sexual violence among female sex workers who inject drugs on the United States-Mexico border.
    Author: McDougal L, Strathdee SA, Rangel G, Martinez G, Vera A, Sirotin N, Stockman JK, Ulibarri MD, Raj A.
    Journal: Violence Vict; 2013; 28(3):496-512. PubMed ID: 23862312.
    Abstract:
    This study examines the prevalence of miscarriage/stillbirth among female sex workers who inject drugs (FSW-IDUs) and measures its associations with physical and sexual violence. Baseline data from 582 FSW-IDUs enrolled in an HIV intervention study in Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico were used for current analyses. 30% of participants had experienced at least one miscarriage/stillbirth, 51% had experienced sexual violence, and 49% had experienced physical violence. History of miscarriage/stillbirth was associated with sexual violence (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.7, p = .02) but not physical violence. Additional reproductive risks associated with miscarriage/stillbirth included high numbers of male clients in the previous month (aOR = 1.1 per 30 clients, p = 0.04), history of abortion (aOR = 3.7, p < .001), and higher number of pregnancies (aOR = 1.4 per additional pregnancy, p < .001). Programs and research with this population should integrate reproductive health and consider gender-based violence.
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