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  • Title: Poly(ester amide) blend microspheres for oral insulin delivery.
    Author: He P, Liu H, Tang Z, Deng M, Yang Y, Pang X, Chen X.
    Journal: Int J Pharm; 2013 Oct 15; 455(1-2):259-66. PubMed ID: 23876502.
    Abstract:
    This study developed a novel oral insulin formulation centered on microspheres consisting of a blend of biodegradable poly(ester amide) (PEA). In the formulation, L-lysine-/L-leucine-based PEA with pendant COOH groups (PEA-COOH) was used as a pH-responsive material for the protection of insulin from the harsh environmental conditions of the stomach. Arginine-based PEA (Arg-PEA) was introduced to improve the intestinal absorption of the drug. The influence of both the hydrophobicity of PEA-COOH and the content of Arg-PEA was investigated in detail on microsphere surface morphology, drug loading, and the in vitro release profile of insulin. The PEA-COOH/Arg-PEA blend microspheres protected the loaded insulin in simulated gastric fluid and released insulin in a fast and sustained manner in simulated intestinal fluid. The in vivo test demonstrated that the oral administration of insulin-loaded PEA blend microspheres could effectively suppress the blood glucose level in diabetic rats for 10h, and the oral bioavailability was improved to 5.89+1.84% in healthy rats. These results indicate that the PEA blend microspheres are promising vehicles for the oral delivery of insulin.
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