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  • Title: Incidence of stroke according to presence of diabetic nephropathy and severe diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes.
    Author: Hägg S, Thorn LM, Putaala J, Liebkind R, Harjutsalo V, Forsblom CM, Gordin D, Tatlisumak T, Groop PH, FinnDiane Study Group.
    Journal: Diabetes Care; 2013 Dec; 36(12):4140-6. PubMed ID: 24101700.
    Abstract:
    OBJECTIVE: Type 1 diabetes is associated with a markedly increased risk of stroke, but only a few studies on the incidence of stroke in type 1 diabetes exist. Therefore, we assessed the incidence of stroke in patients with type 1 diabetes and studied the impact of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and severe diabetic retinopathy (SDR) on this risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 4,083 patients with type 1 diabetes from the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study. Mean age was 37.4 ± 11.8 years, duration of diabetes was 21.6 ± 12.1 years, and 52% were men. Strokes were identified from medical records, death certificates, and the National Hospital Discharge Register and classified based on medical files and brain images. RESULTS: During 36,680 person-years of follow-up, 149 (4%) patients suffered an incident stroke (105 infarctions and 44 hemorrhages). Of the infarctions, 58 (55%) were lacunar. The incidence of stroke, cerebral infarction, and cerebral hemorrhage was 406 (95% CI 344-477), 286 (234-347), and 120 (87-161) per 100,000 person-years, respectively. In an adjusted analysis, microalbuminuria increased the risk of stroke with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.2 (1.9-5.6), macroalbuminuria 4.9 (2.9-8.2), and end-stage renal disease 7.5 (4.2-13.3), and SDR increased the risk with an HR of 3.0 (1.9-4.5). The risk of cerebral infarction, cerebral hemorrhage, and lacunar infarction increased in a similar manner. The proportion of lacunar versus nonlacunar infarction did not change across DN groups. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of SDR and DN, independently, increases the risk of stroke, cerebral infarction, and cerebral hemorrhage in patients with type 1 diabetes.
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