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  • Title: Diagnostic imaging of fetal and pediatric orbital abnormalities.
    Author: Burns NS, Iyer RS, Robinson AJ, Chapman T.
    Journal: AJR Am J Roentgenol; 2013 Dec; 201(6):W797-808. PubMed ID: 24261386.
    Abstract:
    OBJECTIVE: The orbit contains structures from which a wide spectrum of disease can arise. This article focuses on orbital anatomy and a simple compartmental approach to evaluating the orbit on diagnostic imaging. The characteristic findings of key fetal structural diseases and a wide spectrum of pediatric orbital disorders, including inflammatory disorders and developmental lesions, and the differential diagnosis of benign versus malignant masses will be discussed. CONCLUSION: Orbital abnormalities in fetuses may be recognized using ultrasound and MRI. Anophthalmia, hypertelorism, and hypotelorism either may be part of a genetic syndrome or may be related to a developmental abnormality of the fetal skull. In the pediatric population, cross-sectional imaging with CT and MRI offers a means to assess which compartments of the orbit are affected. Aggressive masses have characteristic features and must be evaluated for intracranial extension.
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