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  • Title: Magnetic resonance assessment of pulmonary (QP) to systemic (QS) flows using 4D phase-contrast imaging: pilot study comparison with standard through-plane 2D phase-contrast imaging.
    Author: Hanneman K, Sivagnanam M, Nguyen ET, Wald R, Greiser A, Crean AM, Ley S, Wintersperger BJ.
    Journal: Acad Radiol; 2014 Aug; 21(8):1002-8. PubMed ID: 25018072.
    Abstract:
    RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate four-dimensional (4D) phase-contrast (PC) magnetic resonance (MR) in the evaluation of intracardiac shunts by simultaneous assessment of pulmonary (QP) and systemic (QS) flows in a pilot study and to compare results to through-plane two-dimensional (2D) PC MR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Institutional review board approval and written informed consent were obtained. Nineteen patients with suspected intracardiac shunts underwent cardiac MR at 1.5T. Assessments of QP and QS were performed using free-breathing retrospectively gated 2D PC gradient recalled echo (GRE; 1.6 × 1.6 × 5 mm(3)) imaging with one-dimensional through-plane velocity encoding gradient (venc = 150 cm/s) in consecutive measurements for the main pulmonary artery (MPA) and ascending aorta (AA), respectively. A prospectively triggered 4D PC GRE technique (2.4 × 1.8 × 3 mm(3)) with three orthogonal venc directions was also used with volume coverage of both MPA and AA. RESULTS: QP and QS assessed by 4D PC correlated with 2D PC acquisitions (r = 0.92 and r = 0.67 respectively; P < .0001 for both) but demonstrated significant underestimation of individual flow volumes (-21.9 ± 12.2 mL; P < .0001 and -10.7 ± 13.1 mL; P = .0023, respectively). Calculated QP:QS ratios demonstrated high correlation (r = 0.78; P < .0001) and no significant differences between 4D PC and 2D PC acquisitions (-0.09 ± 0.24, P = .14). Image acquisition times for 2D PC assessment of QP and QS were 2.98 ± 0.52 and 2.84 ± 0.50 minutes, respectively (P = .038), whereas time to acquire 4D PC images was significantly longer, 18.75 ± 4.58 minutes (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Four-dimensional PC MR imaging allows for accurate assessment of QP:QS ratios in the evaluation of intracardiac shunts while absolute flow volumes demonstrate offsets. Further refinement of the technique with improvement in acquisition times may be required before widespread clinical implementation.
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