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  • Title: Lipophilic toxins in cultivated mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from Baja California, Mexico.
    Author: García-Mendoza E, Sánchez-Bravo YA, Turner A, Blanco J, O'Neil A, Mancera-Flores J, Pérez-Brunius P, Rivas D, Almazán-Becerril A, Peña-Manjarrez JL.
    Journal: Toxicon; 2014 Nov; 90():111-23. PubMed ID: 25110176.
    Abstract:
    Here, we report different lipophilic toxins (LTs) detected by LC-MS/MS in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected through 2012 in Todos Santos Bay, northwest Baja California, Mexico. The concentration of okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin 2 (DTX2), and pectenotoxin 2 (PTX2) reached 500 μg kg(-1) during July and increased to 1647 μg kg(-1) in October. These toxins were associated with the presence of Dinophysis fortii and Dinophysis acuminata and a strong stratification of the water column. Other LTs present were yessotoxins, with a maximum concentration of 1080 μg kg(-1) in June. Cyclic imines (13-desmethyl spirolide and gymnodimine) and azaspiracid 1 were also detected in the mussels but at low concentrations. Diarrhetic toxins concentrations evaluated by LC-MS/MS were compared with the results of two mouse bioassay protocols. Positive results were obtained with both MBA protocols in several samples that presented toxicities below 160 μg OA-eq kg(-1), as estimated by LC-MS/MS results whereas other samples returned negative MBA results in samples with concentrations above this level. Therefore, analytical methods need to be applied to confirm the presence of regulated LTs. This is the first report of LTs in mussels cultivated in Mexico. The occurrence of these toxins represents an emerging problem in the region.
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