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  • Title: [Comorbidity in 207 cannabis users in a specific outpatient setting].
    Author: Guillem E, Arbabzadeh-Bouchez S, Vorspan F, Bellivier F.
    Journal: Encephale; 2015 Jun; 41 Suppl 1():S7-12. PubMed ID: 25123065.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: Health care seeking for a problematic use of cannabis is in progress in France. OBJECTIVES: The aim is to assess the addictive and psychiatric comorbidity in cannabis users seen in the specific setting at the Lariboisière hospital. METHOD: Two hundred and seven cannabis users were included from January 2004 to December 2009. Twelve-month and lifetime diagnosis of abuse and dependence (cannabis, alcohol, cocaine/crack) (DSM-IV), current and lifetime mood disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders and psychotic disorders were assessed (Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview). Logistic regression analyses identified adjusted odds ratios associated with the gender and the health care seeking (P=0.01). RESULTS: One hundred and forty-seven men (71%) and 60 women (29%), 29.3±8.6 years (15.2-51.6 years). Most of the outpatients ask for health care themselves (59.7%), whereas 19.4% are asked to seek health care by relatives (19.4%) or because of an academic, health or justice injunction (20.4%). In total, 49.3% of the outpatients are single, 35.7% are cohabitating, 9.3% are married and 6.3% are separated/divorced. About 20.4% of the outpatients are students, 35.7% have a professional activity, 19% are jobless, 2.4% are impaired, 0.5% are retired, at home and 12.1% do not have an official income. Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence of abuse/dependence are: cannabis (10.1/82.1% and 8.7/88.4%), alcohol (9.7/8.7% and 19.3/18.8%), cocaine/crack (2.4/3.4% and 4.8/11.6%). The mean duration of cannabis dependence for the current dependent users is 8.4±5.8 years. The mean number of "joints" during the last 6 months is 6±4.3, the mean amount of cannabis per week is 12.5±11.3g. About 51.3% of the dependent users report externalized and/or internalized disorders at school during childhood and adolescence. In total, 19.4% of the dependent users have a suicide attempt history and 18.9% have a psychiatric hospitalisation history, more frequently women (P<0.01 and P=0.02). About 73.8% have a psychologist or psychiatrist care history. In total, 38.1% of users have at least one current mood disorder, females more frequently than males (P<0.001). Current and lifetime prevalence of mood disorders are: major depressive disorder (MDD) (29.1% and 57.1%); current dysthymia (20.3%); hypomania (1.9 and 6.7%); mania (2.9 and 12.8%). Females have more frequently than males current and lifetime MDD (P<0.001). About 53.2% of users have at least one current anxiety disorder, females more frequently than males (P<0.001). Current and lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders are: panic disorder (10 and 16.4%); agoraphobia (13.9 and 17.4%); social phobia (26.9 and 32.8%); obsessive-compulsive disorder (9.5 and 12.9%); post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (6.5 and 16.4%); current generalized anxiety disorder (26.8%). Females have more frequently current and lifetime: agoraphobia (P=0.01 and P<0.001); PTSD (P<0.001); current social phobia (P=0.049). Current and lifetime eating disorders prevalence are: anorexia (0 and 1.5%); bulimia (4 and 8%); females more frequently have bulimia (P=0.02 and P<0.001). In total, 4.8% have a psychotic disorder. Adjusted odds ratios of associated variables to gender (women/men) are lifetime MDD OR=4.71 [2.1-10.61] (P<0.001) and later age of onset of cannabis abuse OR=1.1 [1.04-1.17] (P=0.002). Adjusted odds ratios associated with personal health care seeking compared to a non personal motivated health care seeking are the numbers of criteria of 12-month cannabis dependence OR=1.26 [1.06-1.51] (P=0.009) and age OR=1.07 [1.03-1.12] (P=0.002). CONCLUSION: Our survey confirms the high mood and anxiety disorders comorbidity in cannabis dependent users seen in a specific setting and underlines the need to evaluate those disorders.
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