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  • Title: Intestinal uptake and transport of vitamin B12-loaded soy protein nanoparticles.
    Author: Zhang J, Field CJ, Vine D, Chen L.
    Journal: Pharm Res; 2015 Apr; 32(4):1288-303. PubMed ID: 25319101.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: Intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 (VB12) is a major challenge in combating pernicious anemia due to intrinsic factor (IF) deficiency. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of using soy protein isolates (SPI) nanoparticles to improve the intestinal transport and absorption of VB12. METHODS: Three different sized VB12-loaded SPI nanoparticles were produced by modulating preparation conditions using a cold-gelation method. The intestinal uptake and transport mechanisms of SPI nanoparticles for VB12 delivery were investigated and related to particle size. RESULTS: SPI nanoparticles were not cytotoxic to Caco-2 cells and were effectively internalized into the cytoplasm via multiple endocytosis pathways including clathrin- and/or caveolae-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis routes. VB12 transport across the Caco-2 cell monolayers was increased to 2-3 times after nanoencapsulation, which was dependent on particle size, in the increasing order of 30 > 100 > 180 nm. Using inhibitor block method, the transport of 30 and 100 nm SPI nanoparticles appeared to be clathrin-mediated transcytosis and macropinocytosis routes. The intestinal transport of VB12, assessed using rodent jejunum in Ussing chambers, was improved up to 4-fold after being encapsulated into 30 nm SPI nanoparticles. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that SPI nanoparticles could be a promising carrier to facilitate the oral delivery of VB12.
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