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  • Title: Ventricular septal defect and double-chambered right ventricle in an alpaca.
    Author: Poser H, Dalla Pria A, De Benedictis GM, Stelletta C, Berlanda M, Guglielmini C.
    Journal: J Vet Cardiol; 2015 Mar; 17(1):71-6. PubMed ID: 25595611.
    Abstract:
    A 20-month-old male alpaca was referred for evaluation of a cardiac murmur evident since birth. Echocardiography identified a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and a fibro-muscular band causing a stenosis of the right ventricular outflow tract. Right ventricular catheterization and selective angiography confirmed the diagnosis of VSD and double-chambered right ventricle with bidirectional shunting.
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