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  • Title: Craving and substance use among patients with alcohol, tobacco, cannabis or heroin addiction: a comparison of substance- and person-specific cues.
    Author: Fatseas M, Serre F, Alexandre JM, Debrabant R, Auriacombe M, Swendsen J.
    Journal: Addiction; 2015 Jun; 110(6):1035-42. PubMed ID: 25688760.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It is well established that craving increases following exposure to substance-related 'cues', but the role of life-styles or substance use habits that are unique to each person remains poorly understood. This study examines the association of substance-specific and personal cues with craving and substance use in daily life. DESIGN: Ecological momentary assessment was used during a 2-week period. SETTING: Data were collected in a French out-patient addiction treatment centre. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 132 out-patients beginning treatment for alcohol, tobacco, cannabis or opiate addiction were included. MEASUREMENTS: Using mobile technologies, participants were questioned four times per day relative to craving, substance use and exposure to either substance-specific cues (e.g. seeing a syringe) or personal cues unique to that individual (e.g. seeing the specific person with whom the substance is used). FINDINGS: Craving intensity was associated with the number of concurrently assessed substance-specific cues (t = 4.418, P < 0.001) and person-specific cues (t = 4.006, P < 0.001) when analysed jointly within the same model. However, only person-specific cues were associated with increases in craving over subsequent hours of the day (t = 2.598, P < 0.05). Craving intensity, in turn, predicted increases in later substance use (t = 4.076, P < 0.001). Causal mediation analyses demonstrated that the association of cues with later substance use was mediated by craving intensity (mediated effect = 0.007, 95% confidence interval = 0.004-0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Unique person-specific cues appear to have a robust effect on craving addictive substances, and the duration of this association may persist longer than for more general substance-specific cues. Mobile technologies provide new opportunities for understanding these person-specific risk factors and for providing individually tailored interventions.
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