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  • Title: Drug abuse: a biopsychiatric model.
    Author: Giannini AJ, Miller NS.
    Journal: Am Fam Physician; 1989 Nov; 40(5):173-82. PubMed ID: 2573261.
    Abstract:
    The effects of drug abuse are caused by the stimulation or inhibition of different neurotransmitters, chiefly gamma-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and beta-endorphin. The biopsychiatric model focuses on neurotransmitter activity to diagnose and treat overdose and addiction. This model explains how different drugs exert their effects and provides a rationale for specific pharmacologic intervention in the drug-abusing patient.
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