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  • Title: Non-Cartesian balanced steady-state free precession pulse sequences for real-time cardiac MRI.
    Author: Feng X, Salerno M, Kramer CM, Meyer CH.
    Journal: Magn Reson Med; 2016 Apr; 75(4):1546-55. PubMed ID: 25960254.
    Abstract:
    PURPOSE: To develop a new spiral-in/out balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) pulse sequence for real-time cardiac MRI and compare it with radial and spiral-out techniques. METHODS: Non-Cartesian sampling strategies are efficient and robust to motion and thus have important advantages for real-time bSSFP cine imaging. This study describes a new symmetric spiral-in/out sequence with intrinsic gradient moment compensation and SSFP refocusing at TE = TR/2. In vivo real-time cardiac imaging studies were performed to compare radial, spiral-out, and spiral-in/out bSSFP pulse sequences. Furthermore, phase-based fat/water separation taking advantage of the refocusing mechanism of the spiral-in/out bSSFP sequence was also studied. RESULTS: The image quality of the spiral-out and spiral-in/out bSSFP sequences was improved with off-resonance and k-space trajectory correction. The spiral-in/out bSSFP sequence had the highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio, and image quality ratings, with spiral-out bSSFP sequence second in each category and the radial bSSFP sequence third. The spiral-in/out bSSFP sequence provides separated fat and water images with no additional scan time. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, a new spiral-in/out bSSFP sequence was developed and tested. The superiority of spiral bSSFP sequences over the radial bSSFP sequence in terms of SNR and reduced artifacts was demonstrated in real-time MRI of cardiac function without image acceleration.
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