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  • Title: The vascular supply of the chondro-epiphyses of the elbow joint in young swine.
    Author: Visco DM, Van Sickle DC, Hill MA, Kincaid SA.
    Journal: J Anat; 1989 Apr; 163():215-29. PubMed ID: 2606774.
    Abstract:
    The vasculature of the elbow joint was examined in 39 pigs between one day and 15 weeks of age. Each pig was anaesthetised, exsanguinated and the thoracic limbs were perfused with India ink or a silicone rubber injection compound. The humerus, ulna and radius were dissected free, examined, fixed in formalin or ethyl alcohol, cleared by the modified Spalteholz technique and examined mesoscopically. Features of interest were photographed and then a limb from two pigs in each age group was cut into slabs and examined mesoscopically. The vascular supply of the distal part of the humerus was complex. It was supplied by vessels on both the cranial and caudal aspects and locally each aspect had a dual blood supply. Vessels anastomosed and on the cranial aspect formed a vascular ring. The proximal part of the ulna was supplied by vessels that were on its medial and lateral surfaces. The vessel on the lateral surface continued distally and supplied the lateral aspect of the proximal part of the radius. The proximal part of the radius was also supplied by arteries that were on the cranial and medial surfaces. Blood vessels provided branches to numerous cartilage canals of the articular-epiphyseal cartilage complexes, epiphyseal centres of ossification, and growth plates. The patterns of blood vessels in cartilage canals which were in sagittal or transverse planes were best exemplified by those in the distal part of the humerus. Perforating cartilage canals emerged from the epiphyseal centres of ossification. The pattern of cartilage canals was consistent in a general configuration, but individual variation did occur. Although cartilage canals were abundant in the youngest pigs, with increasing age the distribution of cartilage canals changed and the numbers of cartilage canals decreased.
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