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  • Title: Association between High Blood Pressure and Intakes of Sodium and Potassium among Korean Adults: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2012.
    Author: Noh HM, Park SY, Lee HS, Oh HY, Paek YJ, Song HJ, Park KH.
    Journal: J Acad Nutr Diet; 2015 Dec; 115(12):1950-7. PubMed ID: 26129945.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: The association between dietary sodium and potassium, the ratio of sodium to potassium, and blood pressure remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the associations between blood pressure and dietary sodium and potassium intake in terms of the amount and ratio in Korean adults. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study was based on data from the fourth and fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2012. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: A total of 24,096 adults (aged ≥19 years) without history of antihypertensive medication use were selected. The 24-hour recall method was used for dietary assessment. We categorized the subjects into four groups using median intakes of sodium and potassium, and defined the low sodium/high potassium intake group as the reference group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: High blood pressure (HBP) was defined as mean systolic or diastolic blood pressures of ≥140 or ≥90 mm Hg, respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Multivariate logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratio and 95% CI to investigate the association between the four groups of sodium and potassium intakes and HBP. RESULTS: Sodium intake was positively associated with diastolic blood pressure, with an increase of 0.21 mm Hg per 1 mg/kcal increase in sodium (P<0.001). In contrast, potassium intake was negatively associated with systolic blood pressure, with a decrease of 1.01 mm Hg per 1 mg/kcal increase in potassium (P<0.001). After adjusting for confounders, the high sodium/low potassium (odds ratio 1.21, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.44) and low sodium/low potassium intake groups (odds ratio 1.19, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.40) were at higher risk of HBP than the reference group. The risk of HBP in the high sodium/high potassium group did not differ from that in the reference group. CONCLUSIONS: Low potassium intake was associated with an increased risk of hypertension. These results suggest that increasing potassium intake might be beneficial for hypertension control among populations with low-potassium diets.
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