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  • Title: Alpha-phellandrene-induced apoptosis in mice leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro.
    Author: Lin JJ, Hsu SC, Lu KW, Ma YS, Wu CC, Lu HF, Chen JC, Lin JG, Wu PP, Chung JG.
    Journal: Environ Toxicol; 2016 Nov; 31(11):1640-1651. PubMed ID: 26174008.
    Abstract:
    Although reports have shown that α-phellandrene (α-PA) is one of the monoterpenes and is often used in the food and perfume industry, our previous studies have indicated that α-PA promoted immune responses in normal mice in vivo. However, there is no available information to show that α-PA induced cell apoptosis in cancer cells, thus, we investigated the effects of α-PA on the cell morphology, viability, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis in mice leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro. Results indicated that α-PA induced cell morphological changes and decreased viability, induced G0/G1 arrest and sub-G1 phase (apoptosis) in WEHI-3 cells. α-PA increased the productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ and decreased the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ) in dose- and time-dependent manners in WEHI-3 cells that were analyzed by flow cytometer. Results from confocal laser microscopic system examinations show that α-PA promoted the release of cytochrome c, AIF, and Endo G from mitochondria in WEHI-3 cells. These results are the first findings to provide new information for understanding the mechanisms by which α-PA induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in WEHI-3 cells in vitro. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1640-1651, 2016.
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