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  • Title: Difficult Biliary Access: Advanced Cannulation and Sphincterotomy Technique.
    Author: Mammen A, Haber G.
    Journal: Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am; 2015 Oct; 25(4):619-30. PubMed ID: 26431594.
    Abstract:
    Many devices and techniques have been developed to assist in cases of difficult biliary cannulation. Guidewire-assisted cannulation has become the first-line technique for biliary cannulation. Precut sphincterotomy can be safe and effective if used soon after encountering difficulty. Pancreatic duct stents are an important adjunct to reduce the risk of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis in difficult access. Ultimately, cannulation success of greater than 95% and complication rates of less than 5% is the standard that endoscopists doing ERCP should achieve.
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