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  • Title: Medically Inappropriate or Futile Treatment: Deliberation and Justification.
    Author: Misak CJ, White DB, Truog RD.
    Journal: J Med Philos; 2016 Feb; 41(1):90-114. PubMed ID: 26681796.
    Abstract:
    This paper reframes the futility debate, moving away from the question "Who decides when to end what is considered to be a medically inappropriate or futile treatment?" and toward the question "How can society make policy that will best account for the multitude of values and conflicts involved in such decision-making?" It offers a pragmatist moral epistemology that provides us with (1) a clear justification of why it is important to take best standards, norms, and physician judgment seriously and (2) a clear justification of why ample opportunity must be made for patients, families, and society to challenge those standards and norms.
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