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  • Title: Underwater depth imaging using time-correlated single-photon counting.
    Author: Maccarone A, McCarthy A, Ren X, Warburton RE, Wallace AM, Moffat J, Petillot Y, Buller GS.
    Journal: Opt Express; 2015 Dec 28; 23(26):33911-26. PubMed ID: 26832050.
    Abstract:
    A depth imaging system, based on the time-of-flight approach and the time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) technique, was investigated for use in highly scattering underwater environments. The system comprised a pulsed supercontinuum laser source, a monostatic scanning transceiver, with a silicon single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) used for detection of the returned optical signal. Depth images were acquired in the laboratory at stand-off distances of up to 8 attenuation lengths, using per-pixel acquisition times in the range 0.5 to 100 ms, at average optical powers in the range 0.8 nW to 950 μW. In parallel, a LiDAR model was developed and validated using experimental data. The model can be used to estimate the performance of the system under a variety of scattering conditions and system parameters.
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