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  • Title: Passive shortening of canine parasternal intercostals during breathing.
    Author: De Troyer A, Farkas GA.
    Journal: J Appl Physiol (1985); 1989 Mar; 66(3):1414-20. PubMed ID: 2708256.
    Abstract:
    We have previously demonstrated that the shortening of the canine parasternal intercostals during inspiration results primarily from the muscles' own activation (J. Appl. Physiol. 64: 1546-1553, 1988). In the present studies, we have tested the hypothesis that other inspiratory rib cage muscles may contribute to the parasternal inspiratory shortening. Eight supine, spontaneously breathing dogs were studied. Changes in length of the third or fourth right parasternal intercostal were measured during quiet breathing and during single-breath airway occlusion first with the animal intact, then after selective denervation of the muscle, and finally after bilateral phrenicotomy. Denervating the parasternal virtually eliminated the muscle shortening during quiet inspiration and caused the muscle to lengthen during occluded breaths. After phrenicotomy, however, the parasternal, while being denervated, shortened again a significant amount during both quiet inspiration and occluded breaths. These data thus confirm that a component of the parasternal inspiratory shortening is not active and results from the action of other inspiratory rib cage muscles. Additional studies in four animals demonstrated that the scalene and serratus muscles do not play any role in this phenomenon; it must therefore result from the action of intrinsic rib cage muscles.
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