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  • Title: An early record of Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) developing in the dung of game animals in southern Africa.
    Author: Dyce AL, Marshall BD.
    Journal: Onderstepoort J Vet Res; 1989 Mar; 56(1):85-6. PubMed ID: 2726199.
    Abstract:
    The value of the dung of game animals as a larval habitat for Culicoides species was briefly investigated in 1973/74 in the Kruger National Park, Transvaal, Republic of South Africa. A total of 4 species in the subgenus Avaritia was reared, 3 from elephant dung, 2 from zebra dung and 1 from the dung of buffalo. These early studies have recently led to more intensive rearing and a better understanding of the systematics of this subgenus in the Afrotropical region.
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