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  • Title: Range estimation by echolocation in the bat Eptesicus fuscus: trading of phase versus time cues.
    Author: Menne D, Kaipf I, Wagner I, Ostwald J, Schnitzler HU.
    Journal: J Acoust Soc Am; 1989 Jun; 85(6):2642-50. PubMed ID: 2745884.
    Abstract:
    Bats of the species Eptesicus fuscus have been trained to discriminate a stationary simulated target from a target with a virtual distance that jitters from sound to sound. Similar to Simmons [Science 207, 1336-1338 (1979)], a jitter-detection threshold below 1 microsecond was found. However, Simmons' decreased performance at a time delay jitter of 30 microseconds could not be replicated, a critical feature used to postulate the idea that bats employ a coherent cross-correlation receiver for ranging. Such a receiver uses all phase information in the signal for delay estimation and therefore will be biased by phase manipulations. To test for such a bias, a phase jitter of +/- 45 degrees and a time jitter in the echo were overlaid. It was not found that there was a combination of both where their effects canceled. Full phase information is thus not used in delay estimation. However, bats were able to detect a pure phase jitter, e.g., polarity inversion of the signal. Bats could also detect phase jitter in the presence of randomized time jitter and vice versa. Phase jitter and time jitter, therefore, are separable features for a bat. The underlying physiological mechanism is not clear.
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