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  • Title: Esterification of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride by citric acid in a solid dose pharmaceutical preparation.
    Author: Goel A, Zhao Z, Sørensen D, Zhou J, Zhang F.
    Journal: J Pharm Biomed Anal; 2016 Sep 10; 129():410-418. PubMed ID: 27474946.
    Abstract:
    Esterification of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (PSE) by citric acid was observed in a solid dose pharmaceutical preparation at room temperature and accelerated stability condition (40°C/75% relative humidity). The esterification of PSE with citric acid was confirmed by a solid-state binary reaction in the presence of minor level of water at elevated temperature to generate three isomeric esters. The structures of the pseudoephedrine citric acid esters were elucidated using high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Occurrence of esterification in solid state, instead of amidation which is generally more favorable than esterification, is likely due to remaining HCl salt form of solid pseudoephedrine hydrochloride to protect its amino group from amidation with citric acid. In contrast, the esterification was not observed from solution reaction between PSE and citric acid.
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