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  • Title: A dosimetric comparison of copper and Cerrobend electron inserts.
    Author: Rusk BD, Carver RL, Gibbons JP, Hogstrom KR.
    Journal: J Appl Clin Med Phys; 2016 Sep 08; 17(5):245–261. PubMed ID: 27685126.
    Abstract:
    The purpose of this work was to evaluate differences in dose resulting from the use of copper aperture inserts compared to lead-alloy (Cerrobend) aperture inserts for electron beam therapy. Specifically, this study examines if copper aperture inserts can be used clinically with the same commissioning data measured using lead-alloy aperture inserts. The copper inserts were acquired from .decimal, LLC and matching lead-alloy, Cerrobend inserts were constructed in-house for 32 com-binations of nine square insert field sizes (2 × 2 to 20 × 20 cm2) and five applicator sizes (6 × 6 to 25 × 25 cm2). Percent depth-dose and off-axis relative dose profiles were measured using an electron diode in water for select copper and Cerrobend inserts for a subset of applicators (6 × 6, 10 × 10, 25 × 25 cm2) and energies (6, 12, 20 MeV) at 100 and 110 cm source-to-surface distances (SSD) on a Varian Clinac 21EX accelerator. Dose outputs were measured for all field size-insert combina-tions and five available energies (6-20 MeV) at 100 cm SSD and for a smaller subset at 110 cm SSD. Using these data, 2D planar absolute dose distributions were generated and compared. Criteria for agreement were ± 2% of maximum dose or 1 mm distance-to-agreement for 99% of points. A gamma analysis of the beam dosimetry showed 94 of 96 combinations of insert size, applicator, energy, and SSD were within the 2%/1 mm criteria for > 99% of points. Outside the field, copper inserts showed less bremsstrahlung dose under the insert compared to Cerrobend (greatest difference was 2.5% at 20 MeV and 100 cm SSD). This effect was most prominent at the highest energies for combinations of large applicators with small field sizes, causing some gamma analysis failures. Inside the field, more electrons scattered from the collimator edge of copper compared to Cerrobend, resulting in an increased dose at the field edge for copper at shallow depths (greatest increase was 1% at 20 MeV and 100 cm SSD). Dose differences decreased as the SSD increased, with no gamma failures at 110 cm SSD. Inserts for field sizes ≥ 6 × 6 cm2 at any energy, or for small fields (≤ 4 × 4 cm2) at energies < 20 MeV, showed dosimetric differences less than 2%/1 mm for more than 99% of points. All areas of comparison criteria failures were from lower out-of-field dose under copper inserts due to a reduction in bremsstrahlung production, which is clinically beneficial in reducing dose to healthy tissue outside of the planned treatment volume. All field size-applicator size-energy combinations passed 3%/1 mm criteria for 100% of points. Therefore, it should be clinically acceptable to utilize copper insets with dose distributions measured with Cerrobend inserts for treatment planning dose calculations and monitor unit calculations.
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