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  • Title: Tibial torsion. Normal values in children.
    Author: Valmassy R, Stanton B.
    Journal: J Am Podiatr Med Assoc; 1989 Sep; 79(9):432-5. PubMed ID: 2778678.
    Abstract:
    In-toeing and out-toeing are common foot problems, and frequently are caused by torsional abnormalities of the tibia. Malleolar position, and thus tibial torsion, was measured in 281 children, 1 1/2 to 6 years of age, with a Tractograph, and normal values for the different age groups were determined. The authors discuss the clinical significance of torsional abnormalities of the tibia regarding gait.
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