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  • Title: Profile changes in Class II, division 1 malocclusions: a comparison of the effects of Edgewise and Fränkel appliance therapy.
    Author: Battagel JM.
    Journal: Eur J Orthod; 1989 Aug; 11(3):243-53. PubMed ID: 2792214.
    Abstract:
    Changes in facial profile following orthodontic treatment were examined, using the lateral skull radiographs of 62 children exhibiting Class II, division 1 malocclusions and an average starting overjet in excess of 11 min. Thirty were treated by the extraction of upper first premolars and Edgewise mechanics whilst the remainder wore Fränkel appliances. Linear and angular measurements were made to record both soft tissue profile and the underlying dento-skeletal structures. In the Edgewise group, overjet reduction was accompanied by a 2.4 degree reduction in SNA together with distal movement of 'A' point and the upper incisor. At the same time both the nose and chin grew forwards. Despite good positioning of the lower incisor with respect to A-Po, both lips finished well behind the aesthetic plane and the resulting profile was undesirably retrusive. By contrast, the Fränkel appliance produced a more pleasing, well-balanced profile with a more ideal relationship of the lips to the aesthetic plane. Maxillary dento-skeletal structures maintained a more prominent position within the face whilst the mandibular structures moved actively forwards.
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