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  • Title: The Italian version of the Trunk Impairment Scale: development and psychometric properties.
    Author: Lombardi B, Orioli A, Casavola D, Paci M.
    Journal: Eur J Phys Rehabil Med; 2017 Aug; 53(4):516-520. PubMed ID: 28382809.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: The Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) is a widely-used tool aimed to evaluate trunk motor impairment for stroke patients. A validation trial of a translated form of the TIS was never conducted within an Italian population. AIM: To describe translation, cultural adaptation, and validation (internal consistency, reliability, and validity) of the Italian version of the TIS (TIS-I). DESIGN: Evaluation of the psychometric properties of a translated, culturally adapted questionnaire. SETTING: Inpatient rehabilitation ward. POPULATION: Sub-acute stroke patients. METHODS: The TIS-I was developed involving forward-backward translation to establish correspondence with the original English latest version. Psychometric testing included internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and intra-rater and inter-rater reliability (ICC and Kappa), the standard error of measurement (SEM) and the minimal detectable change (MDC). Concurrent validity was estimated by comparing the TIS-I to the Trunk Control Test, balance subscore of the Fugl-Meyer (FM-BAL) and the mobility section of the Lindmark motor assessment chart (LIND-MOB), and construct validity by comparing the TIS-I to Barthel Index (BI) (Spearman rank correlation coefficient). RESULTS: The scale was administered to 41 subjects, showing internal consistency ranged from 0.79 to 0.88. ICC values ranged from 0.725 to 0.933 for inter-rater reliability, with the SEM ranging from 0.52 to 1.11, and from 0.770 to 0.911 for intra-rater reliability, with SEM ranging from 0.52 to 1.64. MDC ranged from 1.44 to 4.55. Kappa values ranged from moderate to almost perfect. Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the TIS-I and the BI, LIND-MOB and FM-BAL was 0.63, 0.79 and 0.74 (P<0.001), respectively. Correlation coefficient between the TIS-I and the TCT was 0.81 (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the reliability and the validity of the TIS-I as measure of motor impairment of the trunk after stroke. CLINICAL REHABILITATION IMPACT: The TIS-I can be used in daily clinical practice and in research.
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