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  • Title: Early Life Protein Intake: Food Sources, Correlates, and Tracking across the First 5 Years of Life.
    Author: Campbell KJ, Abbott G, Zheng M, McNaughton SA.
    Journal: J Acad Nutr Diet; 2017 Aug; 117(8):1188-1197.e1. PubMed ID: 28527745.
    Abstract:
    BACKGROUND: High consumption of protein has been associated with accelerated growth and adiposity in early childhood. OBJECTIVE: To describe intake, food sources, correlates, and tracking of protein in young children. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of Melbourne Infant Feeding Activity and Nutrition Trial (InFANT). Dietary data were collected using three 24-hour dietary recalls at ages 9 and 18 months as well as 3.5 and 5 years. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: First-time mothers and their child (n=542) participated in an 18-month intervention to prevent childhood obesity and the cohort was followed-up with no intervention when children were aged 3.5 and 5 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Protein intake, food sources, correlates, and tracking of protein. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Child and maternal correlates of protein intake were identified using linear regression and tracking of protein intake was examined using Pearson correlations of residualized protein scores between time points. RESULTS: Mean protein (grams per day) intake was 29.7±11.0, 46.3±11.5, 54.2±13.8, and 60.0±14.8 at 9 and 18 months and 3.5 and 5 years, respectively. Protein intakes at all ages were two to three times greater than age-appropriate Australian recommendations. The primary source of protein at 9 months was breast/formula milk. At later ages, the principal sources were milk/milk products, breads/cereals, and meat/meat products. Earlier breastfeeding cessation, earlier introduction of solids, high dairy milk consumption (≥500 mL), and high maternal education were significant predictors of high protein intake at various times (P<0.05). Slight tracking was found for protein intakes at 9 months, 18 months, and 5 years (r=0.16 to 0.21; P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides unique insights into food sources and correlates of young children's high protein intakes, and confirms that early protein intakes track slightly up to age 5 years. These finding have potential to inform nutrition interventions and strategies to address high protein intakes and protein-related obesity risk.
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