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  • Title: [Cardio-renal axis: pathophysiological evidences and clinical implications].
    Author: Di Lullo L, Ronco C.
    Journal: G Ital Nefrol; 2017 Mar; 34(Suppl 69):4-10. PubMed ID: 28682024.
    Abstract:
    According to the recent definition proposed by the Consensus conference on Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative Group, the term cardio-renal syndrome CRS has been used to define different clinical conditions in which heart and kidney dysfunction overlap. Type 1 CRS acute cardio - renal syndrome is characterized by acute worsening of cardiac function leading to AKI in the setting of active cardiac disease such as ADHF, while type - 2 CRS occurs in a setting of chronic heart disease. Type 3 CRS is closely link to acute kidney injury, while type 4 represent cardiovascular involvement in chronic kidney disese patients. Type 5 CRS represent cardiac and renal involvement in several diseases such as sepsis, hepato - renal syndrome and immune - mediated diseases.
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