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  • Title: Electrophysiological characteristics of cardiac pacemaker cells of the frog Caudiverbera caudiverbera.
    Author: Hernández D, Guerrero S, Morales M.
    Journal: Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol; 1987; 87(3):649-56. PubMed ID: 2887351.
    Abstract:
    1. The cardiac pacemaker cells of the frog Caudiverbera caudiverbera are centrally located in the sinus venosus. These cells are rounded, smaller than contractile fibres and have large nuclei. 2. Intracellular recording confirmed the existence of primary and transitional pacemaker cells. 3. Action potentials from primary cells were resistant to blockade by tetrodotoxin (TTX), but were abolished by verapamil suggesting that their bioelectric activity is dependent on a slow inward current. 4. Transitional cells appeared to have two different inward currents contributing to the upstroke: a fast TTX-sensitive and a slow verapamil-sensitive current.
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