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  • Title: Treating extrapyramidal reactions: some current issues.
    Author: Gelenberg AJ.
    Journal: J Clin Psychiatry; 1987 Sep; 48 Suppl():24-7. PubMed ID: 2887554.
    Abstract:
    "Extrapyramidal" reactions to antipsychotic drugs include acute dystonias, akathisia, Parkinson's syndrome, and tardive dyskinesia. Recent research suggests efficacy of prophylactic antiparkinson drugs in diminishing the incidence of acute dystonia in high-risk patients, although the use of lower neuroleptic doses also might lower the risk and cause fewer unwanted effects. New in the treatment of akathisia is the use of beta-blockers, specifically propranolol (Inderal and others). Many patients require maintenance antiparkinson drug therapy during prolonged antipsychotic drug treatment. There is no effective treatment for tardive dyskinesia, the prevalence of which may be growing, with an estimated annual incidence of new cases of 3%-4%; the elderly and patients with affective illness may be at greatest risk. Clinicians are also attending to the related syndrome of tardive dystonia.
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