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  • Title: The management of pain in cancer: a guide to drugs and dosages.
    Author: Twycross RG.
    Journal: Oncology (Williston Park); 1988 Apr; 2(4):35-44, 47. PubMed ID: 2908583.
    Abstract:
    Pain is a complex somato-psychic experience, and all pains do not respond equally to opioid analgesics. Muscle and deafferentation pains are best eased by alternative treatments. Bone pain responds best to the combined use of morphine and an NSAID. Nerve compression often necessitates the concurrent use of a corticosteroid. Few patients need neurolytic or neuro-ablative procedures. Opioid use is governed by three key principles: "By the mouth," "by the clock," and "by the ladder." Morphine remains the strong opioid of choice for most patients. Respiratory depression is not a problem, nor is tolerance. Addiction (psychological dependence) does not occur in patients with opioid responsive pains.
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