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  • Title: Recognition of abnormal connections of coronary arteries with the use of Doppler color flow mapping.
    Author: Sanders SP, Parness IA, Colan SD.
    Journal: J Am Coll Cardiol; 1989 Mar 15; 13(4):922-6. PubMed ID: 2926045.
    Abstract:
    Anomalous connection of a coronary artery to a ventricle or pulmonary artery causes shunting of blood from the coronary circuit and may produce myocardial ischemia. Such a coronary anomaly may occur in isolation or with other defects. Doppler color flow mapping and two-dimensional echocardiography were used to diagnose anomalous coronary connections in 13 patients, 1 day to 7 years of age, over a 1 year period. The diagnoses were anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk in five patients, a coronary artery to left ventricle fistula or coronary artery to pulmonary artery fistula in four patients with other complex defects, right ventricular sinusoids in two patients with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum and an isolated coronary artery fistula in two patients. In all cases, the abnormal coronary connection was recognized on the basis of an abnormal, continuous or to and fro flow pattern in the fistula and its connections as demonstrated by scanning in multiple views with Doppler color flow mapping. The low spatial resolution of Doppler color flow mapping limits the anatomic detail available; nonetheless, it is a significant advance in the noninvasive diagnosis of abnormal coronary connections.
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