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  • Title: Determining particle size and water content by near-infrared spectroscopy in the granulation of naproxen sodium.
    Author: Bär D, Debus H, Brzenczek S, Fischer W, Imming P.
    Journal: J Pharm Biomed Anal; 2018 Mar 20; 151():209-218. PubMed ID: 29353809.
    Abstract:
    Near-infrared spectroscopy is frequently used by the pharmaceutical industry to monitor and optimize several production processes. In combination with chemometrics, a mathematical-statistical technique, the following advantages of near-infrared spectroscopy can be applied: It is a fast, non-destructive, non-invasive, and economical analytical method. One of the most advanced and popular chemometric technique is the partial least square algorithm with its best applicability in routine and its results. The required reference analytic enables the analysis of various parameters of interest, for example, moisture content, particle size, and many others. Parameters like the correlation coefficient, root mean square error of prediction, root mean square error of calibration, and root mean square error of validation have been used for evaluating the applicability and robustness of these analytical methods developed. This study deals with investigating a Naproxen Sodium granulation process using near-infrared spectroscopy and the development of water content and particle-size methods. For the water content method, one should consider a maximum water content of about 21% in the granulation process, which must be confirmed by the loss on drying. Further influences to be considered are the constantly changing product temperature, rising to about 54 °C, the creation of hydrated states of Naproxen Sodium when using a maximum of about 21% water content, and the large quantity of about 87% Naproxen Sodium in the formulation. It was considered to use a combination of these influences in developing the near-infrared spectroscopy method for the water content of Naproxen Sodium granules. The "Root Mean Square Error" was 0.25% for calibration dataset and 0.30% for the validation dataset, which was obtained after different stages of optimization by multiplicative scatter correction and the first derivative. Using laser diffraction, the granules have been analyzed for particle sizes and obtaining the summary sieve sizes of >63 μm and >100 μm. The following influences should be considered for application in routine production: constant changes in water content up to 21% and a product temperature up to 54 °C. The different stages of optimization result in a "Root Mean Square Error" of 2.54% for the calibration data set and 3.53% for the validation set by using the Kubelka-Munk conversion and first derivative for the near-infrared spectroscopy method for a particle size >63 μm. For the near-infrared spectroscopy method using a particle size >100 μm, the "Root Mean Square Error" was 3.47% for the calibration data set and 4.51% for the validation set, while using the same pre-treatments. - The robustness and suitability of this methodology has already been demonstrated by its recent successful implementation in a routine granulate production process.
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