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  • Title: Potential false-negative MR images of the thoracic spine in disk disease with switching of phase- and frequency-encoding gradients.
    Author: Enzmann DR, Griffin C, Rubin JB.
    Journal: Radiology; 1987 Dec; 165(3):635-7. PubMed ID: 2961002.
    Abstract:
    Two patients with thoracic disk protrusion were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging. A T1-weighted spin-echo sequence was used, with and without switching of the phase- and frequency-encoding gradients. Both disks were well delineated when the frequency-encoding gradient was parallel to the spinal axis. When the gradients were switched (with the phase-encoding gradient parallel to the spinal axis), both herniated disks were partially obscured by a posteriorly displaced fat signal from marrow, caused by a chemical shift artifact. In addition, the anterior subarachnoid space appeared falsely narrowed, and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) signal intensity was increased, which reduced the CSF-cord contrast. These findings suggest that switching the orientation of the frequency- and phase-encoding gradients may result in false-negative T1-weighted sagittal images of the thoracic spine.
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