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  • Title: Neuromuscular organization and regional EMG activity of the pectoralis in the pigeon.
    Author: Boggs DF, Dial KP.
    Journal: J Morphol; 1993 Oct; 218(1):43-57. PubMed ID: 29865485.
    Abstract:
    In order to improve our understanding of the neuromuscular control of the most massive avian flight muscle, we studied the innervation pattern of the pigeon pectoralis. Nine primary branches from the rostral trunk and nine to ten branches from the caudal trunk of the pectoral nerve were identified by microdissection in ten pigeons. The region of muscle that each branch innervates was delineated by nerve stimulation studies (ten pigeons) and six regions were confirmed by glycogen depletion (ten pigeons). In pigeons, branches from the rostral nerve innervate the anterior 3/5 of the sternobrachialis (SB) head of the pectoralis and branches from the caudal trunk innervate the posterior 1/2 of the SB and all of the throacobrachials (TB). In the SB, individual branches of the rostral pectoral nerve innervate wedge-shaped muscle regions (each approximately 1.3 cm wide), collectively forming a fan shaped arrangement along the sternal carina. Adjacent muscle regions partially overlap at their boundaries. Within the thoracobrachialis (TB) head of the pectrolis, muscle regions are wider. There is a region in mid-SB-where the innervation territories of the rostral and caudal nerves oferlap. Electromyographic (EMG) activity patterns were recorded within ten of the identified muscle regions during take-off, level flapping flight, and landing. Onset of EMG activity and EMG intensity within various muscle regions exhibits significant differences both within a wingbeat cycle and among different modes of flight. The innervation pattern of the pectoralis presents the anatomical substrate for neuromuscular compartmentalization and differential EMG activity within the pectoralis may reflect sensory-motor partitioning. The extent to which the neuromuscular compartmentalization of the pectoralis corresponds to its ability to produce an array of force vectors to the wing awaits further more detailed biomechanical studies. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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