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  • Title: Association of APOL1 With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction in Postmenopausal African American Women.
    Author: Franceschini N, Kopp JB, Barac A, Martin LW, Li Y, Qian H, Reiner AP, Pollak M, Wallace RB, Rosamond WD, Winkler CA.
    Journal: JAMA Cardiol; 2018 Aug 01; 3(8):712-720. PubMed ID: 29971324.
    Abstract:
    IMPORTANCE: APOL1 genotypes are associated with kidney diseases in African American individuals and may influence cardiovascular disease and mortality risk, but findings have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: To discern whether high-risk APOL1 genotypes are associated with cardiovascular disease and stroke in postmenopausal African American women, who are at high risk for these outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The Women's Health Initiative is a prospective cohort that enrolled 161 838 postmenopausal women into clinical trials and an observational study between 1993 and 1998. This study includes 11 137 African American women participants who had a clinical event from enrollment to June 2014. Data analyses were completed from January 2017 to August 2017. EXPOSURES: The variants of APOL1 were genotyped or imputed from whole-exome sequencing. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Incident coronary heart disease, stroke and heart failure subtypes, and overall and cause-specific mortality were adjudicated from hospital records and death certificates. Estimated incidence rates were determined for each outcome and hazard ratios (HR) and 95% CIs for the associations of APOL1 groups with outcomes. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of participants was 61.7 (7.1) years. Carriers of high-risk APOL1 variants (n = 1370; 12.3%) had higher prevalence of hypertension, use of cholesterol-lowering medications, and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). After a mean (SD) of 11.0 (3.6) years, carriers of high-risk APOL1 variants had a higher incidence rate of hospitalized heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) than low-risk carriers did but showed no differences for other outcomes. In adjusted models, there was a significant 58% increased hazard of hospitalized HFpEF (HR, 1.58 [95% CI, 1.03-2.41]) among carriers of high-risk APOL1 variants compared with carriers of low-risk APOL1 variants. The association with HFpEF was attenuated (HR = 1.50 [95% CI, 0.98-2.30]) and no longer significant when adjusting for baseline eGFR. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Status as a carrier of a high-risk APOL1 genotype was associated with HFpEF hospitalization among postmenopausal women, which is partly accounted for by baseline kidney function. These findings do not support an association of high-risk APOL1 genotypes with coronary heart disease, stroke, or mortality in postmenopausal African American women.
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