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  • Title: [Effects of ditch-buried organic matter and irrigation amount after anthesis on the photosynthetic characteristics and yield of maize.].
    Author: Meng Y, Sun XH, Zheng B, Wang L, Li ZJ, Li G, Ning TY.
    Journal: Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao; 2018 Aug; 29(8):2541-2550. PubMed ID: 30182593.
    Abstract:
    Managements of organic matter and irrigation after anthesis will increase the capacities of water conservation and supply in maize field, with consequences on photosynthetic performance and yield under water-saving condition. We analyzed the gas exchange parameters and the performance of the photosystem 2 of ear leaves, and yield of maize cultivars Zhengdan 958, under three modes of ditch-buried organic matter (no straw returned: M0, wheat straw returned: M1, mixtures of cow manure and wheat straw returned: M2) before seeding with two irrigation levels after anthesis (normal irrigation: W1, water-saving irrigation: W2). The results showed that M2 treatment significantly increased photosynthetic capacity and dry matter accumulation after anthesis compared with M1 treatment. Compared with water-saving irrigation, normal irrigation enhanced the photosynthesis of ear leaves. M2W1 treatment significantly increased net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conduc-tance (gs), transpiration rate (Tr), and performance of photosystem 2 (Φpo and ωo) of ear leaves after anthesis, while reduced intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci). In addition, M2W1 treatment significantly increased light utilization efficiency and maintained higher photosynthetic properties in ear leaves, and significantly increased dry matter accumulation and grain yield. Water-saving irrigation reduced photosynthetic performance of ear leaves, which declined the yield. But compared M2 with M0, water use efficiency, grain growth rate and yield increment under water-saving irrigation were higher than those under normal irrigation. Thus, mixtures of cow manure and wheat straw returned combined with normal irrigation could significantly increase photosynthetic properties of ear leaves and dry matter accumulation, which were the major reasons for yield enhancement. Importantly, the mixture of cow manure and wheat straw returned combined with water-saving irrigation could decrease the loss of crop yield resulted from lower irrigation. 有机物沟埋还田与花后灌水配合对增加玉米田保水供水能力,提高玉米花后光合性能、实现节水增产有重要意义.本试验以郑单958为供试材料,设置有机物沟埋还田和花后灌水量两个因素,有机物沟埋还田包括不还田(M0)、秸秆单还田(M1)和牛粪秸秆混合还田(M2)3个还田类型,花后灌水量包括450 mm(W1)和325 mm(W2)2个水平,研究了其对玉米穗位叶光合性能、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)效率和产量等的影响.结果表明:与秸秆单还田比较,牛粪秸秆混合还田有效提高了玉米花后光合能力和各器官的干物质积累量;与节水灌溉相比,正常灌溉加强了有机物还田对玉米光合能力的促进作用.牛粪秸秆混合还田与正常灌溉结合可显著提高玉米花后叶片的光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr),降低胞间CO2浓度(Ci);提高玉米花后叶片PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(φpo)和捕获的激子将电子传递到电子传递链中QA下游的电子受体的概率(Ψo);改善花后叶片光能利用率,维持花后叶片较高的光合性能;同时增加花后玉米各器官干物质的量,提高干物质总积累量和转运能力,有利于花后同化物对籽粒的分配,最终获得高产.节水灌溉降低了叶片的光合性能,造成产量的下降;但配合牛粪秸秆混合还田与不还田处理相比,水分利用效率、籽粒增长速率和增产效果均优于正常灌水.这表明牛粪秸秆混合还田与正常灌溉结合可有效提高玉米花后光合性能,增加干物质积累量,促进玉米增产;牛粪秸秆混合还田与节水灌溉结合一定程度上降低了因减少灌溉量造成的减产.
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